Satiety hormones, also known as appetite-regulating hormones, are a group of hormones that play a role in regulating hunger and satiety, or feelings of fullness after eating. These hormones are released from various tissues and organs throughout the body, including the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and fat cells.
Some examples of satiety hormones include:
1. Leptin: Leptin is a hormone that is produced by fat cells and plays a role in regulating appetite and body weight. Leptin levels increase as fat mass increases, and high levels of leptin can signal the brain to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure.
2. Peptide YY (PYY): PYY is a hormone that is produced by the intestines in response to food intake. PYY levels increase after eating and can decrease appetite and slow down gastric emptying.
3. Cholecystokinin (CCK): CCK is a hormone that is produced by the small intestine in response to food intake, particularly fat and protein. CCK can decrease appetite and slow down gastric emptying.
4. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): GLP-1 is a hormone that is produced by the intestines in response to food intake. GLP-1 can decrease appetite and slow down gastric emptying, as well as stimulate insulin secretion and improve glucose control.
5. Ghrelin: Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced by the stomach and can increase appetite and food intake. Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after meals.
These satiety hormones interact with each other and with other hormones and neurotransmitters in complex ways to regulate appetite and energy balance. Understanding the role of these hormones in appetite regulation may have implications for the development of treatments for obesity and other metabolic disorders.